Unethical Business Practices - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 827 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Unethical Business Practices at Enron LDR/531 Organizational Leadership August 11, 2011 Unethical Business Practices at Enron Enron Corporation came into existance in 1985 as the result of a merger between InterNorth and Houston Natural Gas. This merger produced the longest natural-gas pipeline network in the United States. Under the leadership of Chief Executive Officer Jeffery Skilling, Enron changed from a gas-pipeline business into a natural-gas and electricity company during the 1990s. By the year 2000 it was the seventh largest United States corporation and by December 2001 it suffered the largest bankruptcy and stock collapse in the history of the United States. Enron used careless and misleading accounting practices to hide its financial problems. The use of unethical financial methods was used to benefit executive staff members and conceal financial losses. According to Sims and Brinkmann  (2003), â€Å"Enron created special purpose vehicles (SPVs), pseudo-part nerships that allowed the company to sell assets and create earnings that artificially enhanced its bottom line† (p. 245). They also used overstated and inflated income projections from trading contracts after signing them. When Arthur Anderson, an outside auditing firm, accurately accounted for a partnership deal in 2001, large quarterly losses resulted. Those losses and ensuing profit and debt restatements caused Enrons stock price to drop, triggering the unraveling of the partnership and resulting in a sudden and remarkable financial collapse that led to bankruptcy in Dec. , 2001. Sixty-two percent of the company pension plan consisted Enron stock and the pension plans of nearly 20,000 Enron employees were destroyed (Enron Corporation, 2009). Because of unethical business practices of Enron’s management team, more than 30 people were charged with various crimes while more than 20 people, including top management officials were eventually convicted of or pleaded guilty to fraud, conspiracy, and other crimes (Enron Corporation, 2009). The downfall also destroyed Enron’s outside auditing firm, Arthur Andersen, who was accused of obstructing justice after destroying documents involving to the case in late 2001. Several financial institutions, including Citigroup and J. P. Morgan, paid millions of dollars in fines and penalties for their parts in financing and setting up the independent partnerships that contributed to Enrons collapse. Organizational Behavior (OB) applies the knowledge gained about individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior to make organizations work more effectively. The first step in understanding OB lies in understanding individual behavior. Normally, employees come into organizations with definite integral characteristics that will manipulate their behavior at work. Personality characteristics, values and attitudes are some of the more obvious characteristics. Jeffery Skilling’s person al characteristics and ethical perspective were clearly known throughout the business world prior to being hired at Enron. Deeper investigation into his personal values and ethics may have prevented the downfall of Enron. According to Free, Macintosh, and Stein  (2007)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"His leadership style had emerged over a number of years. As early as high school Jeff Skilling held a reputation as not only a scholar, but one with a penchant for somewhat dangerous activities, a characteristic that resurfaced later at Enron† (p. 5). Group level variables signify that the behavior of individuals in groups is different from their behavior when they are alone. They are influenced by what the group considers acceptable standards of behavior. Enron’s cultural environment under the leadership of Jeffery Skilling put employees under extreme pressure to conform to standards mandated by the corporate culture. If individuals were encouraged to think independently and if whistleblow ers were taken seriously, perhaps Enron’s downfall could have been avoided. Organization systems level variables add formal structure to individual and group behavior. An organization’s internal culture and human resources policies and practices all have an impact on the formal organization. Enron had sophisticated management controls in place at the time of its collapse. The three core parts of its management control system were the risk assessment and control group, performance review system and, its code of ethics (Free, Macintosh, Stein,  2007). Although management controls were in place, corporate leadership fostered a culture that ignored them. If management controls were adhered to, the collapse of Enron may not have happened. The failure of Enron demonstrates that once employees align themselves with a particular corporate culture and committ to the organizational routines and guidance of leaders, they are liable to lose their original sense of identit y and reason away unethical actions. Once a new value system takes hold, a vulnerability to manipulation by leaders can occur. Top management leadership plays an important role in establishing corporate culture. Differences of opinion should be encouraged and individual contributions should be the norm to circumvent cultural group conformance. At the very least, personal and professional integrity should be the norm and not allowed to be compromised. References (2009). Enron Corporation. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. Bartlett, C. , Ferrell, O. , Oliverio, M. (2002). Enron 101. BizEd, 40. Free, C. , Macintosh, N. , Stein, M. (2007). MANAGEMENT CONTROLS: THE ORGANIZATIONAL FRAUD TRIANGLE OF LEADERSHIP, CULTURE AND CONTROL IN ENRON. Ivey Business Journal, 71(6), 1. Sims, R. , Brinkmann, J. (2003). Enron Ethics (Or: Culture Matters More than Codes). Journal of Business Ethics, 45(3), 243-256. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Unethical Business Practices" essay for you Create order

Karl Marxs Influence on Sociology and Political Thought...

There can be no doubt over the wide-ranging influence of Karl Marx’s theories on sociology and political thought. His concept of communism overcoming the socioeconomic pitfalls of capitalism has not been a theory that has seen the light of day in the way that he may have hypothesised. There have been many throughout history that have misrepresented Marx’s writing, which begs the question, if pure communism in the original Marxist sense is at all possible given that humanity appears to have an innate ‘need’ for hierarchy and a thirst for power. Capitalism appears to satisfy the ‘need’ for power and acquisition above all else, and the evidence is seen in the growth of global wealth, which certainly does not amount to equal wealth. The†¦show more content†¦Marx rejected Hegel’s dialectics based on a movement of human thought and ideas, and argued that dialectics involved contradictions based on an economic system, otherwise known as dialectical materialism. Therefore, the dynamic for change eventually created by a process of dialectics lies in the conflict between two opposing factors (Lee and Newby 2000, pp. 114 - 119). Marx conceived the base and superstructure approach that defines capitalist society. The base relates to all that is a function of production in society and conversely, the superstructure, which can be said to be derived from the base, relates to the values, culture, ideology and the governing bodies of society. The former creates and supports the latter by a process of legitimisation of the economic activities, and in turn, the superstructure ensures the processes remain in place. Class domination plays a large part in this process of organisation; for example, private education providing better opportunities for advancement and primary socialisation into the higher echelons of society. However, a counter argument claims that the state is just as involved in the stresses and â€Å"struggles of civil society’’ as opposed to being a mere extension of it for the pure benefit of a particular class interest (Held 2001, in Hall and Gieben 2001, p 113). According to Marx, the act of production and means of organisation thereof, including the relationship between members of theShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Max Weber1324 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx and Max Weber were influential sociologists that paved the way for modern sociological school of thought. Both, Karl Marx and Max Weber contributed a lot to the study and foundation of sociology. Without their contributions sociology would not be as prominent as it is today. From the contribution of how sociology should be studied, to how they applied their theories to everyday life has influenced many sociologists. Predominantly, both of these theorists’ discussed the effects of capitalismRead More Karl Marx Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesone renowned philosopher stands out amongst the crowd, and that person is named Karl Marx (1818-1883). In this essay I aim to explore and critically assess his ideas, theories, and studies in his contribution to sociology, and if his ideas, th eories and studies are useful to this contribution to sociology. Sociology began in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Western Europe. Around this time, the political and economic systems in Europe were changing. Things like the Monarchy, (whichRead MoreAnalysis of the Main Strengths and Weaknesses of Marx’s Sociological Thought1676 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of the Main Strengths and Weaknesses of Marx’s Sociological Thought â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† Marx and Engels (1967, p.67) Born in 1818, Karl Marx, using his philosophical and socialist ideas, attempted to show how conflict and struggle in social development were important in the development of a society. The works of Marx were influenced by three distinct intellectual traditions: German idealist Read MoreMarx: The Economic Basis of Human Societies 1093 Words   |  5 Pagesagency of historical change† (Collins English Dictionary, 1994: 959). In this assignment the worldview of Karl Marx will be discovered and the crux of Marxism will be uncovered. Marx’s Life and Work Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Germany during an oppressive time. His Jewish father who; under the discriminatory laws had to convert to Christianity in order to become a lawyer. Although Karl Marx was raised as a Protestant he soon abandoned religion. He ventured on to the University of Berlin as aRead MoreHow Karl Marx Accounts for the Industrialization of Society Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesHow Karl Marx Accounts for the Industrialization of Society Sociology has been classified as the last in a long line of emerging scientific disciplines which people have developed and explored in order to make sense of their world. Early theories such as the positivist approach of Comte, the functionalist views and the conflict perspectives of Karl Marx have offered a view of why human beings behave as they do and how they fit together in society. In the eighteenthRead MoreJean Comte, Emile Durkheim And Karl Marx Essay2122 Words   |  9 PagesOne would be justified in viewing Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx as giants in the field of sociology. Apart from influencing many great thinkers who came after them, these men have stirred revolutions (sometimes even from the grave) and remodelled the world itself. It is through the works of such men that sociology has crafted patterns of behaviour in society, hence their marking on history cannot be removed nor can their carving be easily surpassed. A complete discussion of their worksRead MoreKarl Marx s Theories Of History And The Theory Of Human Nature Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx was a nineteenth century philosopher, born in Trier, Prussia (Germany) in 1818 to a middle class family and later died in 1883. Karl Marx’s philosophies on society, politics and economics is collectively understood as Marxism. He was a materialist and an atheist who had a profound impact on the world of intellectual thought. This paper will aim to discuss and determine with reference to Marx’s deterministic theory of history and the theory of human nature, if human beings are essentiallyRead MoreTheories of Karl Marx1427 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Karl Marx, also a philosopher was popularly known for his theories that best explained society, its social structure, as well as the social relationships. Karl Marx placed so much emphasis on the economic structure and how it influenced the rest of the social structure from a materialistic point of view. Human societies progress through a dialectic of class struggle, this means that the three aspects that make up the dialectic come into play, which are the thesis, antithesis and theRead MoreConflict Theory926 Words   |  4 Pagessocial, political or material inequality of a social group, that critique the broad socio-political system, or that otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism. Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies. It is therefore a macro level analysis of society. Karl Marx is the father of the social conflict theory, which is a component of the 4 paradigms of sociology [1]. CertainRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of Berlin

Myers Briggs Personality Assessment Paper - 2490 Words

Running Head: Myers-Briggs Personality Assessment 1 Myers-Briggs Personality Assessment 10 Project 1 ? Sepich MBTI Analysis Rachelle Sepich Liberty University Abstract Although this was not the first personality assessment that I?ve completed, after reading this week?s study material, I can honestly say that I have gained a more expansive understanding and perspective on the subject. First, I had not considered the correlation between our covenant with God and the responsibility that we should maintain a similar engagement with one another on a day-to-day basis (Presentation: Lesson 1 ? A Worldview Perspective on Organizational Behavior, 2012). While I knew that our personality type could provide context to how we†¦show more content†¦It may sound like a perplexing question; but after taking the MBTI assessment, I am increasingly convinced that I?m not as indescribable as I thought. There?s a humorous list of MBTI prayers that provide a comical synopsis of each type. Mine states, ?Lord help me to relax about insignificant details beginning tomorrow at 11:41.23 am e.s.t.? (Prayers for Myers-Briggs Types, n.d.). This sums me up in a nut shell! As I reviewed my MBTI results, most of my percentages have not drastically changed over time. This gives me continued confidence in the following MBTI results which indicate I am an ?ISTJ?: introvert (16%), sensing (9%), thinking (31%) and judging (53%) (Jung Typology Test, 1998-2017). As I read more about my style, I can honestly say that there were few, if any, points that I disagreed with. In summary, I do not get my energy from engaging in large crowds. Analysis by paralysis is a real challenge for me, given I have a knack for the details. I won?t let my feelings get in the way of a decision which can be a relationship inhibitor if I don?t keep an eye on it. I Corinthians 14:40 and Ecclesiastes 3:1 will both maintain a special place in my heart; everything should have a time, place and purpose. My blind spots include my tendency to think that I?m right, which debatably I think I am. I may find myself facilitating ?win-lose? discussions and I tend to be extremely serious most of the time (Personality Type Explained, 1998-2017). My temperament isShow MoreRelatedPersonality Type Assessment1336 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Type Assessment (Week-2 Individual Assignment) CMGT/530 - IT Organizational Behavior July 1, 2012 Personality Type Assessment The first section of this paper details the elements that a personality type assessment typically measures. The second section contains discussion on the personality type assessment of the author of this paper. In the third and last section, the author shares how his personal assessment outcomes could affect his workRead MoreAssessment Tools Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: ASSESSMENT TOOLS 1 Assessment Tools Paper Liberty University EDUC 307 June 1, 2016 Abstract The beauty in teaching is watching the brains of your scholars grow with knowledge. As educators we frequently use various tools to assess the gains that our scholars make. In order to successfully instruct intentional lessons, it is important to collect data about scholar interests, ability/intellectualRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Assessment961 Words   |  4 PagesFaith-filled? Yes, that is me! In this paper, I will explain these three main strengths that I believe to be true about myself. I utilized the Strengths Finder 2.0 and the Richard-step for my strength assessment (Rath, 2007 Richard-step: Enrich Yourself Step Up Your Career – Tests, Tools, Personal Guidance, 2015). Additionally, I will compare these findings to the Myers-Briggs Personality Assessment (Personality test based on C. Jung and I. Briggs Myers type theory, 2015). Please fastenRead MoreDifferential Psychology : Cognitive Ability1723 Words   |  7 PagesThese domains include differences in behavior, personality, cognition, orientation and affect. Differential psychology focuses on these domains, by studying differences in our actions, emotions, intelligences, needs and activities. (Revelle, Wilt, Condon, 2011). This paper will review four domains of individual differences: cognitive ability, personality, orientation (values and interests) and affective disposition. It will also focus on personality, explaining major ideas, themes and theoristsRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( Mbti ) Are Both Personality Assessments Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Birkman Method and The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are both personality assessments. The Birkman Method is based on the theories of Dr. Roger W. Birkman and the work of Dr. Roy B. Mefferd, Jr. and Dr. Timothy G. Sadler. The MBTI is based on the theories of Dr. Carl Gustav Jung and the work of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. Both are non-clinical assessments. The working manuals for b oth assessments have recognized and documented, content, construct, criterion-related validitiesRead MoreAssessment Tools Paper1194 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment Tools Paper Liberty University Online Abstract The paper covers six different assessment tools used to determine children’s learning profiles. This includes his or her interests, ability/intellectual level, achievement level, and personality type. Findings contain the Strong Interest Inventory, the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS), the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5), the NationalRead MoreMyers Briggs Type Indicator Assessment1933 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper is a critique of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment. The paper starts of giving general information about the theory, such as the author, publisher, and a brief description of the history of the assessment. Secondly the paper describes the test and its content, structure, purpose, administration, and scoring. Technical evaluation is the third section of the paper that discusses research done on the MBTI throughout the years. The technical evaluation section will talk aboutRead MoreLeadership Theory Of The Myer s Briggs Test1185 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Theory October 19, 2014 Leadership Theory Paper According to Sullivan (2013), â€Å"leadership is influencing others into working toward accomplishing a common goal† (pg. 42). Certain individuals have natural leadership qualities. Other individuals need to learn leadership skills. It takes a specific personality type to make a leader. The purpose of this paper is to identify my personality type through the Myers-Briggs test, discuss the leadership style of Gandhi and his similaritiesRead MoreThe Leadership Journey Of Ronda Harlan1535 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to a Leadership Journey This paper outlines the leadership journey of Ronda Harlan; an Organizational Leadership student, at Colorado State University (CSU) and how the CSU Masters of Science in Organizational Leadership (MSOL) program helped Ronda to evaluate human behavior within organizations to understand ethical practices, effective leadership, organizational communication, and cogent decision-making principles. Ronda Harlan reflects how the master’s program at CSU aligned withRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) â€Å"is an introspective self-report questionnaire designed to indicate psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions† (13). It is one of several personality assessments that is popular among modern mental health experts throughout the world. Currently, it is estimated that the MBTI is â€Å"taken by more than two million people per year and is translated into 16 languages (10). â€Å"The purpose of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

The Rainforest During A Habitat Unit - 1671 Words

Writing to Learn Assessment in the Content Area Kimberly Hetzner Content Area Reading and Writing for Elementary – RDG 546 August 24, 2015 Jaime Januse Grade Level – 3rd Grade Content Area – Science/Reading Topic – Rainforests/Main Idea Assignment Description Students will work in groups to read about and research the rainforest during a habitat unit. They will read a magazine article that teaches about the animals and characteristics of the rainforest. The article will also discuss the deconstruction of the rainforest and why these rainforests are important to take care of. Students will read each section of the article and highlight the key words that they believe are important to each section. Students will then record these key words on their main idea graphic organizer which they will go back to after reading the whole article. After reading the whole article the students will use the highlighted key words and the text to develop a main idea statement to record. Students will then record three important facts from each section and record these on sticky notes. Students will transfer these sticky notes onto their group’s main idea graphic organizer where these will serve as the supporting details. The gro up’s graphic organizer will serve as a scaffold for the four squares foldable each student will make. This four square foldable will eventually be used by students to help guide them throughout their expository writing piece onShow MoreRelated Ecotourism Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagesnatural areas. Others wish to encourage conservation practices in environmentally sensitive areas, using profits to restore habitat, change public perception through education, and develop community. However, local people also want the opportunity for new jobs and capitalist ventures. No matter how one chooses to look at ecotourism, it is a new element shaping the use of rainforests and other natural settings. Likewise, ecotourism appears to be altering the lifestyles of indigenous peoples and causingRead MoreClassification Of The Sumatran Tiger949 Words   |  4 Pagesimage on the right). Sumatran tigers are strong swimmers nonetheless are somewhat incompetent climbers. Acknowledging their st rong swimming capabilities, Sumatran tigers commonly roam the Leuser ecosystem’s peat forests, swamps, rivers and lowland rainforests hunting for prey. Their carnivorous diet generally consists of fish, birds, monkeys and ungulates. Preys that have the ability to climb up high trees normally escape this noble predator. The island of Sumatra contains among one of the most biodiverseRead MoreEssay on The Bengal Tiger: A Memeber of the Big Cat Family1128 Words   |  5 Pagesprimarily in India. They are renowned for their power and strength. The most famous Bengal tiger is probably Richard Parker, in Life of Pi. The Bengals live in habitats such as the Himalayan Forest, the hills of the Indian Peninsula, or the forests of Northern India. At one point in time, there were eight tiger subspecies, but three became extinct during the 20th century. There are approximately 2,500 Bengal tigers alive in the wild now, and about 300 in captivity in zoos around the world. Over the lastRead MoreThe Tropical Rainforest of Malaysia- Sarawak5131 Words   |  21 PagesTropical Rainforest of Malaysia – Sarawak Introduction As we all know that deforestation sharply accelerated in these decades, more and more forests disappeared. Environmentally, it causes global warming, soil erosion, decline in biodiversity, degraded ecosystem and water- cycle.[1] Economically and ethically, the deforestation caused by logging and commercial agriculture by the developed countries, like the U.S. The people in developing countries lose their long term profits when the rainforests disappearRead MoreBonobo Research Paper1305 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscovered great ape in modern times.   It was revealed in 1929 by German anatomist Ernest Schwarz that a skull once thought belonging to a juvenile chimpanzee was in fact a new subspecies of chimpanzee known now as the Pan paniscus, or bonobo. (Waal 6)   During the Pleistocene epoch approximately 1.5 million years ago, the Congo River was formed in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (San Diego Zoo 2)   The river geographically segregated groups and individual chimpanzees south of the riverRead More Coral Reefs Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesCoral Reefs Coral reefs are arguably the world’s most beautiful habitats. Coral reefs have been called the rainforests of the oceans, because of the rich diversity of life they support. Scientists have not yet finished counting the thousands of different species of plants and animals that use or live in the coral reef. There are three types of coral reefs: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Fringing reefs are located close to shore, separated from land by only shallow water. Barrier reefsRead MoreDeforestation Of The Tropical Rainforest2100 Words   |  9 Pages Deforestation of the tropical rainforest in Brazil and surrounding countries I. Introduction Tropical rainforests are unique ecosystems with specific features that make them a world patrimony. Today about forests cover about 31% of the planet’s land. However, 46-58 thousand square miles of forest is destroyed yearly, equivalent to 36 football fields per minute. Besides its ecological value, they provide several exploitable resources, which make these forestsRead MoreForest Ecosystem2734 Words   |  11 Pagesforest is composed? These plant communities cover approximately 9.4 percent of the  Earths surface (or 30 percent of total land area), though they once covered much more (about 50 percent of total land area), in many different regions and function as  habitats  for organisms,  hydrologic flow  modulators, and  soil  conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of the  biosphere. Although forests are classified primarily by trees, the concept of a forest  ecosystem  includes additional species (suchRead MorePrimates at the Lowery Park Zoo in Tampa, Florida Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences among them as well as comparisons as I have noted while watching our close distant relatives. The three sets of monkeys that I was able to watch each have a similar build but the changes that are seen are due to how they are adapted to their habitat and lifestyle. The species Ring-Tailed Lemur resides in parts of the forest with open areas in the north of Madagascar and spend most of their time on the ground. Through observation lemurs are the smallest of the three monkeys and have forearms thatRead MoreEssay on Diversity and Distribution of Eucalyptus4612 Words   |  19 Pagesmoisture allows survival during long periods of drought. Amidst these two extremes, eucalypts occur in both tropical summer-rainfall and cool temperate winter-rainfall regions. They occupy dry and wet sites, including swamps. They can be found on both exposed slopes and plains and in sheltered valleys. They grow in shallow infertile sands, rich mellow loams, and intractable clays (Hall, Johnston, and Chippendale 1970). Thus, in response to this great diversity in habitat, Eucalyptus has, through

Critical Success Factors in Business Intelligence Adoption and Practic

Question: Discuss about theCritical Success Factors in Business Intelligence Adoption and Practice. Answer: Introduction The growth of Business Intelligence, in the last few years, especially, enabled many large scale and multinational companies to expand their businesses and enter the new markets through streamlining its processes, all on a scale that is unprecedented. Additionally, the new technologies of the BI have been enabling huge innovation and mass collaboration (Secretan Lane, 2006). And in parallel, during the process of implementing these solutions of BI, new challenges have been arising. However, the industry is very optimistic and converts these challenges to opportunities, as the new competencies are developed. Business Intelligence Business Intelligence is a set of tools and techniques applied for the raw data to be acquired and transformed into the information that is useful and meaningful and can become potential use for the purpose of the business analysis. The raw data that is transformed into meaningful information in a well-structured format help the businesses to identify, develop and also provide opportunities to create opportunities for new strategic business (Aburdene Patricia, 2007). The objective and goal of the Business Intelligence is allowing easier interpretation of the data in larger volumes. Implementing strategies that are effective and new opportunities identified, based on the insights provide the opportunities for the businesses benefiting the companies with competitive market advantage and stability for long-term. Data Warehouse Data Warehousing is new data system enabled for data analysis and reporting and it is considered to be a core component of BI. BI and DW technologies allow the companies to develop current, historical and predictive views for the operations of business. Some of the common functions that are used by the technologies of business intelligence for the companies are analytics, reporting, process mining, online analytical processing, business performance management, complex event processing, text mining, benchmarking, prescriptive analytics and predictive analysis (Aburdene Patricia, 2007). Success of a company in managing the information assets of the company is a great function of the infrastructure, culture, people and process, while all of them working in concert Davis, Miller, Russell Critical Success Factors Communication Technology is an opportunity for any business to grow and expand. The same is true for the competitor too. Hence, the effective and potential usage of the technology and identifying the success factors of the technology and following and implementing them stands as a critical point or turning point for the businesses. Effective Communication Effective communication is any day a core and essential competency for any successful business, along with the increasing interdependency and complexity. BI deals with increased and great complexity, in managing the workforce. There are many components and aspects of interpersonal communication and has close relation and success of the company. The notion of communication, being a soft issue and little effect over the profit of the company, by the leaders is no longer valid, in the contemporary competitive global market. Communication has become a basic need for establishing communication among multiple technologies, languages, markets and industries in the world. The lack of communication by the firms and leaders result for some top accounting firms result in the following statistics, 10% are only successful in terms of increase of value 30% have no value increase 60% of companies that merged have lost the existing value, after a period of five years Experts propose a conversational model in three part, for enhancing the business activities, like planning, learning, accountability and learning, as the following. AGLIGN Conversation facilitates enhancing creativity, sense of shared objectives and purposes and promoting smart planning of the organization ACT - Conversation initiates actions, after clarifying the accountabilities ADJUST Conversations launch corrective actions, after evaluating the performance and also acknowledgement of the success When the conversational model is implemented with these three aspects, work would be satisfying, meaningful and fast. Work is infused with galvanized teams, meaningful and inflames loyalty among all the stakeholders, of the company, such as employees, customers and investors, etc. Principles of Communication Scholars propose and advise five basic principles of communication. Communication Among Humans is Symbolic Communication could be happened with the interpretations and attempt is to be made by sending messages among each other, by human beings. An encoding process is used by the sender to turn the feelings, experiences, beliefs and thoughts of them into the sounds, words and gestures and the same helps the receiver to interpret the meaning after decoding the message. Communication is Personal Same words may give several meanings to several people, as the meaning is directly not conveyed. The context has to be understood and possible misunderstanding areas are to be avoided to avoid worse or confusion. Communication is Continuous Transaction Process Successful communication demand both the parties in communication engage much and should carry the intention to understand each other. The roles of the sender-receiver do not occur alternatively, but simultaneously. Residual feelings or impressions are carried through for conversations subsequently. So, communication is considered to be continuously in flux, not static. Communication isnt Intentional Always Communication transfers the intentions, not only through verbal, but absence, silence, lateness are also ways of communication. Sounds and gasps are also various communication forms. Body language is considered as a strong and impactful form of communication is unintentional, since it is unconscious. Communication Involves Dimensions of Content and Relationship The dimension of content indicates what of the communication, that relays subject, belief or idea of the message. The dimension of relation indicates how of the communication and it refers strongly to the views, attitudes and relationships to all the receivers. Here, both the relationship and content play vital roles in communication effective delivery. Collaboration Collaboration is defined as working together towards value creation, while the physical and virtual space is shared. The value that creates a collaborative effort is much greater than the total value possible from the contribution of the individuals (Coleman, et al., 2008). Creating Culture To create an effective and collaborative culture in the organizations, the following cultural elements are important. Trust Trust is a feature of foundation for the entire organization and its teams. Members of team feel safe and valued, when they trust each other. Goals Vital collaboration essentially, demands goals that are created and shared commonly. Sharing Sharing is resisted by some of the individuals, from the fear of losing the value. Sharing increases the value of everyone and the same is demonstrated. Environment Both virtual and physical environments show nonverbal language in the organization. Spaces can lead to sharing of issues and ideas naturally, by facilitating informal congregation. Innovation Innovation is stimulated by collaboration, which fuels back increased collaboration. Community One fo the natural outcomes of the collaboration is the sense of community. Trust and community can be built by problem solving by groups, invigorating exchange of ideas and shared goals. Collaborative Chaos System is energized by the chaos. Innovation flourishes through facilitation of unstructured idea exchanges. Communication The fundamentals to collaboration are effective communication skills. Communication is considered to be an effective channel, building trust, while inquiry and sharing are facilitated. Constructive Confrontation New ideas can be generated from respectful disagreement, in the system. Innovation can be unleashed, when the members have safe feeling to challenges the ideas of each other (Coleman, et al., 2008). Value Values extracted from the collaboration can be realized in various ways. Companies experience benefits in business, in terms of shortened product development cycle, reduced processing times, new markets identification, etc. There are several indirect benefits that can be extracted from the human benefits. When the members or individuals feel valued and engaged, as part of the organization and they develop increased positive attitude about their work and organization. It enhances the productivity and lower absenteeism, etc. Innovation While still many of the companies are stagnant in the age called information age, there is considerable human yearning and economic pull to move much above and beyond reductionist, linear and logical view towards better inventive, compassionate and holistic views. The combination of these two forces gives birth to the conceptual age that is enriched and characterized by high touch and high concept (Barret Richard, 2006). Spiral dynamics is still an important view to consider that shifts the humanity through various stages, according to the memes, or the value systems. The next stage would be Integral Age that enables the organization to lead authority globally on the value system. Innovation is emerged with nurturing creativity by the organizations (Barret Richard, 2006). Innovation Process Innovation is enabled in multiple steps. Creativity Creativity is the first step of the innovation. The tendency to favour and depend on the linear, hierarchical and left brain thinking processes is continuously becoming evidence that shows that the best way of solving problems, which are analytical and complex is to blend both the left and right brains and use the whole brain. Fostering Creativity The following step is the fostering creativity. Creativity can never be forced, but can be welcomed and allowed. However there are many ways to increase the creativity flow in the human brain. Performing certain actions to stimulate creativity, which encourage to create and share ideas and discussing them realistically Offering incentives for sharing creative and innovative ideas Asking inspiring questions to the employees, to involve them to be part of the organization Creating enough time and space to think, share and explore the creative ideas Designing creative workspaces Enhancing diversity Conducting free-form conferences Encouraging mistakes When creativity is fostered, there will be a great flow of ideas shared (Barret Richard, 2006). Economics of Innovation Perform realistic calculations with feasibility study of worth and benefit of the ideas. Innovation in Action Once the innovation is proved to be viable and feasible, innovation can be taken into action. Taking the Ideas to market The ideas are to be taken to the ideas with evaluation of viability, feasibility. Adaptability Several organizations, during the last few decades have dealt with shifts in terms of economic shifts, global reputation and in many other dimensions, by the change management (Secretan Lane, 2006). According to Dainel Tu, inability of the risk management to adapt to the business landscapes that keep changing play a huge role in financial meltdown globally. An organization that is adaptable organizes the organization by self (Barret Richard, 2006). Organizations look to have order. However, order followed is not the same as organization. Every organization involves specialization and differentiation. The reasons for resistance and rigidity against evolving are basically because of the deep rooted business models that are traditionally practised. Traditional Approaches The traditional methods followed as rigid business models are total quality management and business process reengineering, not the names but the processes. According to Newtonian science, the traditional model stands to be rational, reductionist and linear, that stemmed up from the idea that the organizations are individual units that demand the management to be done separately. Change is predicted and controlled with stability, which is set as a final end state characterization. New Paradigm There needs a new paradigm, which needs to be done against the static and reductionist approach of the strategy management. The traditional focus is stagnant at increasing competitive advantage, optimal resource allocation, short-term gain and process improvement. It needs a serious and intensive approach to go incremental, having an assumption that even a small or a little change in the variation or existing strategy in the structure of the organization can do the job. The new paradigm and emergent model stands opposite to the traditional spectrum. The model looks at the organizations as emerging from complexity having its parts well related and connected as living systems. Behaviour is emerged and experienced at higher organizational level. The differences of the traditional and new paradigm models are clearly shown with classical science and science. A New Living Systems Model Organizations that welcome change tend to jump into new living systems models that have the following steps. Innovation Convergence and complexification Bifurcation and Chaos Leveraging chaos in organizations enable them to vision and drive the changes by following structure within chaos, tolerance for discomfort, natural connections and flexibility, evolution at edge. Even the conflicts can be resolved with a living systems approach. The learning organizations converge from the traditional thinking processes to innovate learning organization, by adapting the following five disciplines. Systems Thinking Personal Mastery Mental models Building shared vision Team learning Last Note Every organization will have double the responsibilities, when the above new ventures and paradigms are to be followed by soul. And the design, development and implementation of all these practices can be defined and succeeded with one great effective element The Leadership (Secretan Lane, 2006) Case Study Cisco, which is the largest equipment provider for internet networking and communication has been well powered by the power of collaboration. John Chambers, chief executive claims that his company could not be manageable with the old style of control and command and could not drive to lead with 22 current initiatives worldwide. Cisco enabled collaboration to foresee the trends that are changing and act quickly, against. Chambers of Cisco gave up the style of command and control and established effective communication for highly collaborative environment, to capitalize the market shifts, after predicting the trends ahead to 6 to 8 years, though it is highly volatile technology market. Cisco has considered its challenges, such as increasing demand to foster current and reliable data access, challenges to protect customer data, avoiding confusion with multiple versions and maintaining central points for measures by proposing corresponding solutions, with business intelligence and data warehousing. The solutions proposed by using these technologies are data virtualization, solution deployment, data federation, big data integration, data abstraction. All the proposed and implemented solutions for the success of Cisco is not done in overnight. However, the proposed success factors, followed while adapting the new data technologies, such as business intelligence and data warehousing made it to grow globally and reach the revenue of more than 49 Billion dollars. Cisco has not only developed the solutions, but stands ahead with potential business results, simplifying error-free solutions, timely and accurate business intelligence delivery to their users consistently , free staff working on the other projects, scaling BI smoothly and exploring new services in BI to the business, allowing interdepartmental communications in real time and decision making that is well-informed. Conclusion Business Intelligence and Data warehousing are new data technologies that are of potential help to the multinational and large scale organizations to handle tonnes of data they have day to day. Adapting new technologies involve several challenges and success of the deployment of these technologies depends upon the success of good behaviour of the organization. The internal behaviour of the organization and so the key success factors for deployment of these technologies are communication, collaboration, innovation and adaptability, all enabled and driven with major success key factor, the LEADERSHIP. References Aburdene, Patricia. (2007). Megatrends 2010. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing, Barrett, Richard. (2006). Building a Values Driven Organization: A Whole System Approach to Cultural Transformation. Boston: Butterworth - Heinemann. Cameron, Kim S., Jane E. Dutton, Quinn, R. (2003). Positive Organizational Scholarship. San Francisco: Barrett - Koehler. Carroll, Michael, (2006). Awake at Work: 35 Practical Buddhist Principles for Discovering Clarity and Balance in the Midst of Work s Chaos. Boston: Shambhala Publications. Carroll, Michael, (2008). The Mindful Leader: Awakening Your Natural Management Skills Through Mindfulness Meditation. Boston: Trumpeter. Coleman, David, Levine, S. (2008). Collaboration 2.0. Silicon Valley, CA: Happy About. Covey, Steven M.(2008). The Speed of Trust. New York: Simon Schuster. Julie, R. (2006). Change Works with CLEAR, Clearing Limits Energetically with Acupressure Release. NP: Author. Kaplan, Robert S., David P. (2006). Boston: Harvard Business School Press. McTaggart, Lynn. (2007). The Intention Experiment. New York: Free Press. Napier, Rod, McDaniel, R. (2006) Measuring What Matters. Mountain View, CA: Davies Black Publishing. Napier, Rod, McDaniel, R. (2006). Measuring What Matters. Mountain View, CA: Davies Black Publishing. Neal, Judith, A. (2006). Creating Enlightened Organizations: A Practical Guide for Implementing Spirit at Work. East Haven, CT: Spirit at Work Publishing. Neil, Judi. (2006). Edgewalkers. Oxford: Greenwood Publishing Group. Rao, Srikumar. (2006). Are You Ready to Succeed? Unconventional Strategies for Achieving Personal Mastery in Business and Life. New York: Hyperion. Rosen, Evan. (2007). The Culture of Collaboration. San Francisco: Red Ape Publishing. Sawyer, Keith. (2007). Group Genius. New York: Basic Books. Secretan, Lance. (2006). ONE: The Art and Practice of Conscious Leadership. Caledon, Ontario: Secretan Center. Tolle, Eckhart. (2006). A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life s Purpose. New York: Plume. Zakaria, Fareek, (2008). The Post - American World. New York: W. W. Norton.

Unemployment Scenario in Australia

Question: Discuss the unemployment rate, types, issues, and government policy of Australia and comment unemployment in various states of Australia. You need to specify in different region like NSW, WA, Tasmania, Qld or SA. Answer: Introduction The unemployment problem is a major issue of all developing and developed nations. Due to the unemployment, the well-being of the people is affected negatively. Unemployment refers to joblessness. As the people are jobless, they have less money to buy goods and services. The unemployment takes place when the demand for workers is less than the number of workers available in the market (Pigou 2013). If this feature `persists for a long period, then it becomes the concern of the policy makers of the economy. They aim at reducing the rate of joblessness. The higher rate of unemployment is a major issue, because it often leads to social unrest. In an economy, there remains some kind of unemployment rate even in the state of full employment. This is known as natural rate of unemployment (Shimer 2012). Therefore, there is no concern about the natural rate of unemployment. Unemployment rate beyond this level becomes the concern for the economy. Several types of unemployment exist. The unemp loyment generates from several factors. Sometimes the unemployment is short run in nature and sometimes the unemployment is long term (Woodbury and Davidson 2012). Different country faces different types of unemployment and the factors affecting the unemployment scenario are different in the respective countries. Based on the nature of unemployment, the governments of the countries act accordingly. This paper will discuss the unemployment rate in Australia. It will identify the types of unemployment and issues related to the unemployment in this country. The paper will focus on unemployment scenario of various states in Australia, such as, Western Australia; New South Wales; Tasmania; Queensland and South Australia. Moreover, the government policies of this country in order to manage the unemployment issues will be discussed. Unemployment Theory The term unemployed refers to those people who are willing and able to work at prevailing wage rate but unable to find a job for a considerable period. The labor force constituted by number of employed and number of unemployed people. The labor force does not incorporate those people who are not willing work at the existing wage rate and remain jobless (Schenk 2013). Only the involuntarily unemployed people are considered. The rate of unemployment is calculated by the following way: Unemployment Rate= (Number of involuntarily unemployed Labor Force) 100 There are generally three types of unemployment, such as, structural unemployment; cyclical unemployment and frictional unemployment. The frictional unemployment takes place when the workers search for new jobs or shift from one job o another. This kind of unemployment always exists in an economy to some extent. It takes time for the workers to search a job they like or to change their existing job (Wagner 2014). Moreover, after completion of education, fresh labors enter the market to find a job. As a result of this, for the time-being this type of unemployment takes place in an economy. The cyclical unemployment takes place when the unemployment rate changes according to the change in the business cycle of the economy (Argy and Nevile 2016). When there is lack of demand, the economy enters into the recessionary phase. During this time, many jobs are lost and unemployment rate increases. Similarly, when the economy starts to recover, new demand is generated and the firms require mor e labors to increase its production (Diamond 2013). As a result of this people get hired and unemployment rate declines. The structural unemployment takes place due to lack of demand for certain types of workers. The reason behind this is that there is mismatch between the skills of the workers and the skill requirement of the employers. This skill gap arises generally due to the change in technology of production. Advance technology reduces the requirement of unskilled labor and demands for the new types of labors who are skilled. Moreover, the jobs may be off-shored because of the availability of cheap labor overseas. Therefore, unemployment takes place as the structure of the economy changes and as the skills become obsolete (Kahn 2015). The frictional unemployment is not of much concern for the economy and it is short term in nature. There is no such measure to reduce this kind of unemployment; however, it must be ensured that the transition period is not so long. The tenure of the cyclical unemployment depends on the intensity of the business activity. If the recession is deep then the cyclical unemployment will persist for a long period (Enderwick, Manzetti, Mavrotas, Shorrocks and Motamen-Samadian 2015). So, the policy makers should focus on improving the economic activities in order to generate demand. By improving the economic activity, cyclical unemployment can be reduced. The unemployment that is structural in nature is the most severe. This kind of unemployment is long term and can only be reduced by bridging the skill gaps (Carrre, Grujovic and Robert-Nicoud 2015). Changing the skills acquired by the labor by giving them proper training will lead to improve the situation of the economy. The recovery process also takes considerable time. Hence, structural unemployment is the major concern of an economy and the policy makers. Unemployment Rate in Australia In this paper, a particular period has been considered for the analysis of unemployment in Australia. From 2000 to 2016, the data has been collected to support the discussion. The unemployment rate has been taken for the month of March each year. In the following table, the overall unemployment rate of this country has been represented. Table 1: Overall Unemployment Rate YEAR Unemployment Rate 2000 6.9 2001 6.8 2002 6.7 2003 6.4 2004 5.7 2005 5.4 2006 5.1 2007 4.7 2008 4.3 2009 6.0 2010 5.7 2011 5.2 2012 5.5 2013 6.0 2014 6.2 2015 6.5 2016 6.0 In the following figure, the changes in the rates of unemployment have been represented graphically. In 2000, the unemployment rate was quite high, however, in the following period the rate has fallen continuously. In 2008, it has reached its lowest level. Nevertheless, during the period of financial crisis, the rates again have started to rise. In the following period, the rates fluctuated and again it has increased to 6% and even more since 2013 until now (Abs.gov.au, 2016). However, the unemployment rate has not reached the high level of early 2000s. The overall unemployment rate in this economy has shown a downward sloping trend, which signifies that the rate of unemployment in this country has fallen over time. Figure 1: Overall Unemployment Rate in Australia The paper will now analyze the unemployment rate in some of the states of this nation. Unemployment rates of New South Wales (NSW); Queensland; South Australia; Western Australia and Tasmania has been considered for the analysis. It will be verified whether the unemployment trends of these states are similar to that of the overall unemployment rate of this country. In the following table, the unemployment data of New South Wales has been provided. Table 2: Unemployment Rate in New South Wales YEAR Unemployment Rate (NSW) 2000 6.0 2001 5.7 2002 6.4 2003 6.0 2004 5.5 2005 5.8 2006 5.1 2007 5.1 2008 4.5 2009 6.9 2010 5.7 2011 5.3 2012 4.9 2013 5.8 2014 5.5 2015 6.2 2016 5.4 The following figure represents the changes in unemployment rates of the New South Wales. In the initial period, the unemployment rate of this state fluctuated around a high level. Since 2006, the rate started to decline. During 2008, the unemployment rate was lowest; however, in the period of global financial crisis, this rate has drastically increased. In the following periods, the rate has decreased but kept on fluctuating around a high level. The unemployment trend is downward sloping but it is flatter and almost horizontal. It indicates that the rate has fallen but only by a smaller amount. The unemployment rate remained stagnant at higher level. Figure 2: Changes in Unemployment Rate of New South Wales In the following table, the unemployment data of Queensland has been provided. Table 3: Unemployment Rate in Queensland YEAR Unemployment Rate (QSL) 2000 8.4 2001 8.9 2002 8.2 2003 8.2 2004 6.7 2005 4.9 2006 5.3 2007 4.4 2008 4.1 2009 5.4 2010 6.1 2011 6.1 2012 6.1 2013 6.5 2014 6.7 2015 7.2 2016 6.7 The in the early 2000s the Queensland experienced significant level of unemployment. The rate has declined and become lowest in the 2008. However, in Queensland, the unemployment rate has persistently shown a rise. At present, the rate is much higher in this state. Though the trend of this state is downward sloping, indicating fall in the rate of unemployment; the values of the rate of unemployment is still higher. Figure 3: Changes in Unemployment Rate of Queensland In the following table, the unemployment data of South Australia has been provided. Table 4: Unemployment Rate in South Australia YEAR Unemployment Rate (SA) 2000 7.9 2001 7.1 2002 7.1 2003 6.1 2004 5.7 2005 5.5 2006 5.2 2007 5.2 2008 4.7 2009 6.2 2010 5.8 2011 5.7 2012 5.5 2013 6.2 2014 7.5 2015 6.6 2016 7.3 In South Australia, rate of unemployment was higher in the early 2000s. However, it has significantly fallen until 2008. Due to the global financial crisis, the unemployment rate has again risen and kept on fluctuating. At present, the unemployment rate is quite high in this state. The trend line of this indicator is almost horizontal, indicating consistency in the rate of unemployment in this region. Figure 4: Changes in Unemployment Rate of South Australia In the following table, the unemployment data of Western Australia has been provided. Table 5: Unemployment Rate in Western Australia YEAR Unemployment Rate (WA) 2000 6.6 2001 7.4 2002 6.0 2003 5.9 2004 5.6 2005 5.1 2006 4.2 2007 2.9 2008 3.4 2009 5.3 2010 5.5 2011 4.7 2012 4.4 2013 5.3 2014 5.4 2015 6.0 2016 5.9 In Western Australia, the rate of unemployment was not so higher in the early 2000s, like any other states. The rate was higher than 7% only in the 2001. From 2006 to 2008, it has experienced low rate of unemployment. Like the other states, this state also faced rise in the rate of unemployment during the period of global economic crisis. The current rate of unemployment is also fluctuating. The unemployment rate of this state has shown a downward sloping trend, which indicates that this indicator has fallen over time, even if the slope is quite flatter. Figure 5: Changes in Unemployment Rate of Western Australia In the following table, the unemployment data of Tasmania has been provided. Table 6: Unemployment Rate in Tasmania YEAR Unemployment Rate (TSM) 2000 8.4 2001 8.5 2002 8.4 2003 9.3 2004 6.5 2005 6.1 2006 6.8 2007 5.4 2008 4.9 2009 4.4 2010 5.6 2011 5.5 2012 6.9 2013 7.3 2014 7.6 2015 6.6 2016 6.7 In Tasmania, the unemployment rate of the initial period is significantly higher with the highest rate during 2003. The rate has started to decline until 2008 and 2009. It is interesting to note that, during the global crisis the unemployment rate was not so high unlike the other states. However, the unemployment started to grow again during the phases of recovery. The current rate of unemployment is more than 6%. However, during the period of study the unemployment rate has shown a fallen trend in Tasmania. Figure 6: Changes in Unemployment Rate of Tasmania Types and Issues of Unemployment in Australia From the above section, it can be observed that the New South Wales; Queensland and Tasmania have contributed significantly to the overall unemployment of the nation. The type of unemployment in New South Wales can be defined as structural in nature. This is because; due to boom in the mining sector, the skill requirement has been changed. Even if there is supply of labor but due to the skill gap, unskilled labors remained unemployed (Wade 2014). This factor has contributed to the unemployment of the New South Wales. Since the unemployment rate in this state is long-term in nature, the scenario of this state is considered to be severe. This is because; persistent level of unemployment leads to social unrest. The recruitment process in this state is also difficult. The growth of service in this region is also contributed to the falling trend in unemployment. The labor market of this state is mostly engaged in the part-time employment. Therefore, the Figure 2 has shown a declining trend in the unemployment rate of New South Wales. The nature of unemployment in Queensland is mostly structural and partly frictional in nature. The youth unemployment rate is the major contributor to the growing unemployment of this state (Qgso.qld.gov.au 2016). The youth unemployment is growing because there is a mismatch between the skill requirement of the new job position created in the region and the skills of the fresh entrants in the labor market of this state (Remeikis 2015). Hence, due to structural change in the economy the youths are not getting job in this region. Moreover, as youths are entering the job market, some kind of unemployment takes place that is frictional in nature. However, the unemployment rate has shown declining trend in Queensland, as can be seen from Figure 3. In South Australia, the industries have started to shut down, due to the economical change in this region. Moreover, the existing industries are also unable to absorb the labor, mostly because of their inefficiencies. However, in this region, the flourishing sectors are textile; agriculture and automotive industries, those cannot diversify their production in order to reduce the rate of unemployment. Many industries of South Australia have shifted overseas, as tax incentives are more attracting to the entrepreneurs (Scutt 2016). Local workers remained unemployed. Therefore, the nature of unemployment in this region is structural in nature. The unemployment rate of this region is also a consequence of recession. Hence, it is also cyclical in nature. The transition from full time workers to part time worker, does not affected this region. Hence, there is no significant fall in the rate of unemployment. The unemployment rate in Western Australia is comparatively lower than the other states. This is because; this region has been growing since late 2000s. The mining boom has contributed to the growth of this region. However, due to the same reason, mismatch of skills takes place. The resource project requires highly skilled labors, but the work force is inefficient to provide such kind of labors (Janda 2015). Hence, the skill shortage is the major unemployment issue of this region. So this kind of unemployment is structural in nature. Moreover, in Western Australia, the participation rate in the labor force is also increasing. Therefore, the unemployment rate is also increasing. This kind of unemployment is frictional in nature. The unemployment rate in the region of Tasmania is a major contributor of the overall unemployment in Australia. There are several contributors to the long-term unemployment in this region. The low levels of education; non-metropolitan culture of the region contributed to the higher unemployment rate of this region. Moreover, the dominant social coalitions are creating major hindrance to the developing proposal of the region. In addition to this the industry of this region are traditional and uncompetitive in nature (Crikey.com.au. 2013). This has resulted into lower growth of this nation and generating high rate of unemployment. Moreover, financial support from the mainland provides them less incentive to change or grow. The sluggish tourism sector and hospitality industry are unable to absorb the labor. In addition to this, the fate of the forest product industry causes the fall in the growth of this region, which in turn created lack of demand for labor (ABC News 2014). The declin e in this industry also laid-off workers that have created high unemployment in the region. The unemployment of this region is structural in nature. This region has also remained unaffected by the cyclical downturn of the economy due to global crisis. This region is less opened to the international market and the unemployment rate was not affected at the time of global recession of 2008-2009. Hence, it can be said that the unemployment is not cyclical in nature in Tasmania. Figure 7: State-Wise Unemployment Rate in Australia The above diagram represents the change in unemployment in the different region of Australia. It can be said that, Western Australia is in a better situation in terms of unemployment, followed by New South Wales; Queensland. Tasmania and the South Australia are the worst performer in terms of employment. Government Role The government has Australia has been taking significant measure in order to improve the unemployment scenario of the nation. The government can reduce the unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand. Unemployment can be reduced by pursuing expansionary fiscal policy. Through fiscal policy, the demand will be increased and the requirement of labor for production will go up (Rendahl 2014). As there will be a tax cut, the businesses or firms will be able to hire more workers as their cost of production has reduced. However, as unemployment of this country is mostly generated because of the skill gap, the government emphasizes on developing skills of the labor force by offering proper training to the fresh entrants or the existing labors. Since, technological changes have taken place, the government also trying to create awareness regarding choosing tertiary training. Moreover, in order to reduce the rate of unemployment, creation of job position in the existing public sector can re duce the higher rate of unemployment in this nation. Conclusion The paper has discussed the unemployment scenario in Australia. It has taken unemployment data from 2000 to 2015 and analyzed the trend. The analysis is made on the overall trend of the unemployment rate of this country. In addition to this the paper has analyzed the unemployment trend of New South Wales; Queensland; South Australia; Western Australia and Tasmania respectively. It has been found that the overall unemployment rate in Australia and in respective states have fallen over time. Some states have performed well and situation of some states are of major concern. The nature of unemployment of each state has been identified. It has been found that in most of the states the structural change in the economy is the major factor behind the high unemployment rate. Due to proper government policy and rise in participation rate, this trend has fallen over times. References ABC News. (2014). Jobs and unemployment: What's the real story in Tasmania?. Abs.gov.au. (2016). 6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, Apr 2016. Abs.gov.au. (2016). 6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, Apr 2016. Carrre, C., Grujovic, A. and Robert-Nicoud, F., 2015. Trade and frictional unemployment in the global economy. Diamond, P., 2013. Cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment.IMF Economic Review,61(3), pp.410-455. Enderwick, P., Manzetti, L., Mavrotas, G., Shorrocks, A. and Motamen-Samadian, S., 2015. Employment and Unemployment.Booms and Busts: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis, p.230. Janda, M. (2015). Unemployment surges to 12-year high of 6.4 per cent; 12,200 jobs shed.